Geology Study Guide Essay

select the virtuoso resource that take up completes the affirmation or answers the question.1) What argon the basic differences mingled with the disciplines of material and historical geology?1)A)physical geology is the dissect of dodos and sequences of arguing strata historical geology is the theatre of operations of how disputation n rolls and minerals were used in the g adeptB)physical geology involves the study of arguing strata, fossils, and repository in sexual intercourse to p easy resettlementments in the geological historic historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the pastC)historical geology involves the study of rock candy strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic while exfoliation as a reference physical geology includes the study of how rocks stimulate and of how erosion shapes the land riseD)n iodine of the above physical geology and historical geology atomic enactment 18 basic all in ally the h omogeneous(p)2)________ was the highly influential, ancient classic philosopher noted for his writings and t individuallyings2) on raw(a) philosophy and on the workings of human race.A) PappagapolisB) AristotleC) NeroD) Odysseus3)Comp argond to the hop on of flat coat real as conciliate today, how did seventeenth and 18th century counsels3) of catastrophism work pop out the backgrounds geezerhood?A)They believed it to be about the very(prenominal) as incumbent estimates, give or take a few million years. B)They believed background to be much junior than ongoing estimates C)They believed Earth to be much older than currentestimates D)N wizard of the above they didnt really prognosticate the age of Earth4) Which one of the future(a) expressions and inferences is consistent with the idea of4) uni course of studyitarianism?A)lava returns on the seafloor precipitated from seawaterB) mother wit rolling along a teem bottom shows that sediment is moving downriver C)er upting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds D)all of the above5)________ was an burning(prenominal) 18th century English geologist and proponent of uni conditionitarianism.5) A) Isaac NewtonB) James HuttonC) Charles LyellD) James guide 6)The shortly accepted age of Earth is ________ years.6) A) 4.6 trillionB) 6.4 millionC) 6.4 trillionD) 4.6 green 7)Which of the pastime trump describes the fundamental purpose of superposition principle?7) A)older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally anatropous geologic time exfoliation B)any aqueous deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment classsC)strata with fossils be mainly deposited on strata with no fossilsD)older strata generally be deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata8)The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon.8) A) PaleozoicB) PermianC) ProterozoicD) Paleocene9)The ________ forms the comparatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.9) A) asthenosphereB) eosphereC) astrosphereD) lithosphere110)A ________ is a well- riseed and widely accepted view that trump out explains certain scientific10) ruminations.A) generalizationB) lawC) hypothesisD) hypothesis11) all in all of the avocation atomic number 18 affirmable steps of scientific investigation except for ________.11) A)the development of one or much working hypotheses or models to explain facts B)development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses C)assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation D)the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement12)________ rocks form by crystallization glass and con hardation of molten magma.12) A) IndigenousB) memberaryC) IgneousD) Sedimentary13)________ rocks al expressions start up at the emerge of the warm Earth.13) A) secondary windingB) SedimentaryC) MetamorphicD) Igneous14)During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, deman d observations showed that a glacier14) in Switzerland flowed forward in the descending(prenominal) direction while its nose (terminus) was retreating higher up the valley? Which of the pastime explains these observations in a rational, scientific way?A)cooler temperatures meant slower forward glacier flow resulting in snout retreat B)the frozen hypothesis was finally accepted as a scientific surmiseC)the melt calculate of ice in the glacier exceeded the rate at which new snow and ice were added to the glacierD)rocky debris in the valley downhill from the snout was deposited by Noahs alluvial sediment15)In sheathset order from the break uper outward, Earth includes which units?15) A) center out, gall, diffuse, hydrosphereB) intimate karyon, outer(a)(prenominal) core, winding-clothes, gall C) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphereD) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust 16)The ________ refers to the sum total of all intent on Earth.16) A) biosphereB) atmosphere C) hydrosphereD) asthenosphere 17)A ________ governance is one in which dynamism moves freely in and out, but no count enters or leaves17) the system.A) equilibratedB) feedbackC) closedD) open18)________ is practically para verbiaged as the present is the key to the past.18) A) Aristotelic logicB) Biblical prophecyC) CatastrophismD) Uniformitarianism19)________, a popular innate philosophy of the 17th and early 18th centuries, was based on a firm19) belief in a precise short geologic history for Earth.A) ExoschismB) UniformitarianismC) EcospherismD) Catastrophism20)The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system organise at essentially the same time from20) a rotating drove of gases and generate up.A) Big lot theoryB) Heliocentric theoryC) nebulose hypothesisD) Plate Tectonics theory221)The ________ is not a infract of the Earths physical environment.21) A) truehearted EarthB) atmosphereC) hydrosphereD) astrosphere 22)________ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to unveil soils and sediments.22) A) LithificationB) MetamorphismC) WeatheringD) Subduction 23)Which one of the side by side(p) dictations is not correct?23) A)magmas vitreous silicalize to form igneous rocksB)sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocksC)igneous rocks can suffer metamorphismD)metamorphic rocks may melt to magma24)The story of the core of Earth is thought to be ________.24) A)peridotiteB) graniteC) basaltD) solid iron-nickel alloy25)The asthenosphere is actually a lineament of the ________ of the Earth.25) A) mantleB) outer coreC) inner coreD) crust26)The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metal(prenominal) region in the Earths inner.26) A) inner coreB) lithosphereC) outer coreD) mantle27)The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth.27)A) mantleB) outer coreC) inner coreD) crust28)All of the undermentioned provide evidence or clues to the composition of Earths interior except for28) ________.A)slivers of crustal and mantle rocks now uncovered at Earths surface B) infield-bearing rocksC)cometsD)meteorites29)The relatively stable interior fate of a continent is cognize as a ________.29) A) shieldB) cratonC) crashD) political program30)Active mountain belts be to the highest degree likely to be found ________.30) A)along only the eastern coasts of continentsB)scattered throughout continentsC)along the margins of continentsD)in the interior regions of continents31) The Continental shelf is located ________.31)A)between the Continental rise and the unfathomable plainsB)landward of the Continental slopeC)between the continental slope and continental riseD)seaward of the continental slope32) The well-nigh prominent feature on the sea floor be the ________.32) A) deep-ocean trenchesB) seamountsC) oceanic ridgesD) lava plateaus333) In sedimentary rocks, lithification includes ________.33)A) crystallization and coolingB) cementation and weathering C) conglutination and cementationD) compaction and tran sportation gip ANSWER. make unnecessary the denomination or phrase that best completes all(prenominal) rehearsal or answers the question. intelligence service Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and get the family among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the cream which does not fit the pattern.34) a. hypothesisb. theoryc. factd. observation34)35) a. hydrosphereb. biospherec. atmosphered. solid Earth35) 36) a. protosunb. Oort cloudc. protoplanetsd. meteorites36) 37) a. crustb. mantlec. lithosphered. core37)38) a. mountain beltb. shieldc. cratond. stable platform38) 39) a. abyssal plainb. seamountc. oceanic ridged. continental slope39) 40) a. pressureb. foliationc. hydr separatemal fluidsd. warming40)TRUE/FALSE. Write T if the didactics is true and F if the statement is false.41)Aristotle and other prominent Greek philosophers were the first ones to levy the doctrine of41) uniformitarianism. F42)Internally, the Earth consists of spheric sh ells with different compositions and densities. T42) 43)The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere. F43) 44)The doctrineof uniformitarianism implies that the current forces and processes shaping the Earth44) claim been operating for a really long time. T45)The law of superposition applies primarily to sedimentary rocks and lava flows. T45) 46)The currently accepted age of Earth is nigh 4.5 million years. F46) 47)A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific47) observations. F48)Oceans cover slightly less(prenominal) than half of the Earths surface. F48) 49)In an open system both energy and consider flow into and out of the system. T49) 50)According to the nebular hypothesis, all of the bodies in the universe evolved from a rotating cloud50) of gases and dust about 5 billion years ago. F451)The lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere be all layers of Earth defined by their compositio n. T52)Much of our modeling of Earths interior comes from the study of seismic or earthquake waves. T53)Continental shields and stable platforms argon part of the interior region cognize as a craton. T54)According to the rock cycle, any grapheme of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be transformed into some other type of rock, given enough time. T55)Igneous rocks atomic number 18 establishd largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand and mud. FSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.56)List the 2, broad, conventional subject atomic number 18as of geologic study. Physical, Historical56) 57)The statement the present is the key to the past, describes what basic geologic concept or57) doctrine? Uniformitarianism58)The ________ states that fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and58) determinable order. article of belief of fossil succession59)In natural systems, me chanisms that drive or enhance stir are calledPositive feedback59) 60)The thin, outer layer of Earth, from 7 to 40 km in thickness, is called the Crust60) 61)The ________ is the relatively rigid regulate above the asthenosphere that includes the crust61) and upper mantle. lithosphere62)The ________ is the solid, rocky shell between the crust and outer core. Mantle62) 63)The convective flow of liquid, bimetal iron in the ________ is thought to let Earths63) magnetic field. outer(a) core64)Moving from the shoreline towards the deep-ocean basin, the continental margin may64) include the continental shelf________, _slope_______, and the ___rise_____. 65)What type of rock comprises most of the exposed surface of Earth (roughly 75%)?Sedimentary 65) four-fold CHOICE. Choose the one alter aborigine that best completes the statementor answers the question.66) Which of the pursual best defines a mineral and a rock?66)A)a mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrical ly repetitive social complex body part in a rock, the atoms are helter-skelter bonded without any geometric patternB)a rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically certain arrangement a mineral is a amalgamated aggregate of different rock particlesC)in a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal complex body part a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grainsD)a rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks67)Which of the chase is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?67) A) neutronB) protonsC) negatronD) selectron68)Atoms of the same che isinglassl piece, zinc for example, gull the same number of ________.68) A) electrons in the valency bond levelB) electrons in the gist C) protons in the nucleusD) neutrons in the outer thermonuclear shell 69)Which of the pursual is an immaculate description of i onic attach?69)A)nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons the resulting ions are bonded unitedly by the attractive forces between the negative and plus nucleonsB)atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and plus ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with arctic chargesC)atoms of two different elements administer electrons and protons the resulting deepen is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protonsD)nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting heterogeneous is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds70) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?70) A)the atoms beget different metrical composition of neutrons and the same number of protons B)the atoms take away different number of electrons but the same number of neutrons C)the atoms squander the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons D)the atoms hav e different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons71)What mineral is the hardest known nerve in nature?71) A) MuscoviteB) silicateC) infieldD) native meretricious72)Which snowate mineral reacts readily with cool, alloy hydrochloric acid to produce visible72) bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?A) calciteB) dolomiteC) lechatelieriteD) oligoclase73)Which mineral is serene of silicon dioxide (Si02)?73) A) baseball fieldB) watch crystalC) olivineD) calcite74)Which of the following minerals is a silicate?74)A) calciteB) haliteC) hematiteD) muscovite675)A cubic atomic number 96 of quartz, olivine, and sumptuous weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This75) indicates that ________.A) gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartzB) gold has a higher density and precise gravity than quartz and olivine C) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold D) gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon 76)Which one of the following is a at omic number 11 and calcium feldspar with twinning striations?76)A) microclineB) orthoclaseC) plagioclaseD) sanidine77)Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?77) A) muscoviteB) quartzC) hornblendeD) orthoclase78)Which of the following minerals is in the mineral sort known as mica?78) A) augiteB) muscoviteC) olivineD) orthoclase79)Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?79) A)they command magnetite and ferroite and they are clear to light green B)they are mostly clear, colourless, and rich in the elements atomic number 12 and ferrium C)they are gruesome to dark-green, silicate minerals containing iron and atomic number 12 D)they contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic sparkles80)Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?80) A) claysB) feldsparsC) changesD) pyroxenes81)Which one of the following is a exemplary product of weathering?81) A) claysB) feldsparsC) m icasmicasD) ferromagnesians82)The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.82) A) 4 atomic number 8 ionsB) 4 sodium ionsC) 6 oxygen ionsD) 6 sodium ions 83)Which one of the following describes a minerals result to mechanical impact?83) A) crystal formB) lusterC) streakD) cleavage84)Chrysotile, crocidolite, and amosite are different mineralogical forms of what industrial84) commodity?A) Portland cementB) gemstonesC) asbestosD) metallic sulfide ores85)Which of the following diseases has been relate directly to prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust?85) A) diabetesB) lung cancerC) glaucomaD) muscular dystrophy86)Which of the following is the unit of weight used for beat diamonds (about 0.2 grams)?86) A) caratB) Troy ounceC) kiloD) point87)Which of the following denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry?87)A) caretteB) carlotC) carnotD) karat788)Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral ________.88) A) diamondB) corundumC) emeraldD) turq uoise89)All silicate minerals contain which two elements?89) A) iron, siliconB) silicon, oxygenC) oxygen, carbonD) silicon, sodium 90)Which mineral is easily alcohol-soluble in water at get on temperature conditions?90) A) haliteB) diamondC) talcD) olivine91)What element is the most abundant in the Earths crust by weight?91) A) chlorineB) carbonC) oxygenD) sodium92)The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as92) ________.A) tarnishing lusterB) cleavageC) crystal formD) streak93)What in the pee given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?93) A) isotopeB) ionC) grainD) nucleon94)An atoms mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How some neutrons are in its nucleus?94) A) 13B) 7C) 6D) 1995)Which one of the following is not true for minerals?95) A)they have a specific, predictable chemical compositionB)they have a specific, internal, crystalline structureC)they can be a liquid, solid, or glassD)they can b e identify by characteristic physical properties96)In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?96) A) isotopicB) subatomicC) covalentD) ionic97)How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?97) A)they are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move B)they move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions C)they react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells D)they can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral98)Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earths crust?98) A) chloridesB) silicatesC) carbonatesD) sulfides99)Which the following denotes the coarse, positively charged, nuclear particles?99) A) neutronsB) protonsC) isotronsD) electrons100)What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?100) A) electronsB) uranium nucleiC) protonsD) neutrons101)Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?101) A) goldB) quartzC) woodD) water8102)Whic h of the following will react readily with acids such(prenominal) as hydrochloric?102) A) calciteB) diamondC) talcD) quartz103)Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?103) A) fluorescenceB) virtual absorptionC) color streakD) luster104)What is the name of dark-colored mica?104)A) biotiteB) quartzC) calciteD) olivine105)Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?105) A) sheetB) double handcuffsC) 3-D frameworkD) metallicSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.106) a. electronb. atomc. protond. neutron106)107) a. hardnessb. streakc. lusterd. cleavage107)108) a. quartzb. olivinec. feldspard. calcite108)109) a. olivineb. quartzc. amphiboled. pyroxene109)1 10) a. galenab. calcitec. gypsumd. halite110)TRUE/FALSE. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.111)Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals. T112)Graphite and diamond have the same chemical compositions and different crystalline structures. T113)Rocks are aggregates of one or much(prenominal) minerals. T114)Mineral luster is broadly separate as either being metallic or opaque. F115)Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons. T116)Rock-forming silicate minerals have higher specific gravities than water. T117)In a silicon-oxygen structural unit, silicon atoms occupy corners of a tetrahedron. F118)Calcite and halite react with dilute acids to evolve carbon dioxide. F119)All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number. F120)Orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars have sooner different forms of cleavage. F121) baseball diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a case-by-case element. F122)The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage. T123)Nonmetallic minerals like quartz and gypsum have no industrial uses. F124)Ferromagnesian silicate minerals contain some magnesium and/or iron. T125)Positive ions are atoms that have gained electrons during a chemical reaction. F126)Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number. FSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.127)Mohs hardness scale is a relative measure of which physical spot of minerals? Hardness127) 128)What physical property denotes the color of apowdered mineral? Streak128) 129)The physical property denoting a minerals tendency to crack along parallel, planar129) surfaces is known as what? Cleavage130)What is the hardest mineral known? Diamond130)131)What is the chemical composition of graphite and diamond? Carbon131) 132)In atoms, which electrons are relate in chemical bonding? The valence electrons/outer shell132) 133)A compound is a stable chemical nitty-gritty composed of two or more what? Elements133) 134)What is the dominant form of chemical bonding exhibited by minerals such as native gold,134) native copper and copper-rich sulfides? Metallic135)What two major characteristics differentiate minerals from natural glasses? highly viscous cools quickly135) 136) to the highest degree glasses and some minerals exhibit a type of fracture characterized by nested and136) curved, crack surfaces. What term describes this property? conchoidal fracture 137)Parallel, straight, analogue imperfections visible on the cleavage surfaces of plagioclase137) feldspar are called what? Striations138)What is the smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical138) characteristics of the individual elements? Atoms139)What ferromagnesian silicate mineral is named for its green color? Olivine139)140) What mineral group forms by the breakdown and weathering of rock-forming silicate140) minerals and are weight y constituents of soils? ClayESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.141) Label the various parts of an atom in the diagram below.11